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National electrical Code®
The electrical code used throughout the United States. Published by the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), it is an indispensable aid to
every electrician, contractor, architect, builder, inspector, and anyone who
must specify or certify electrical installations.
National Formulary (NF)
A compendium of purity and testing criteria for chemicals, usually used in
combination with the USP.
Necrosis
The pathological death of one or more cells, or of a portion of tissue or
organ, resulting from irreversible damage to the nucleus.
NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association)
Enclosures As a way of standardizing enclosure performance, NEMA uses a
rating system to identify the enclosure's ability to resist external
environmental influences. Resistance to everything from dripping liquid to
hose-down to total submersion is defined by this rating system.
- 1. Type 1 - Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree
of protection to personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment and to provide a degree of protection against falling dirt.
- 2. Type 2 - Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree
of protection to personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment, to provide a degree of protection against falling dirt, and
to provide a degree of protection against dripping and light splashing
of liquids.
- 3. Type 3 - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
to provide a degree of protection to personnel against incidental
contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection
against falling dirt, rain, sleet, snow, and windblown dust; and that
will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
- 4. Type 3R - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
to provide a degree of protection to personnel against incidental
contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection
against falling dirt, rain, sleet, and snow; and that will be undamaged
by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
- 5. Type 3S - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
to provide a degree of protection to personnel against incidental
contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection
against falling dirt, rain, sleet, snow, and windblown dust; and in
which the external mechanism(s) remain operable when ice laden.
- 6. Type 4 - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
to provide a degree of protection to personnel against incidental
contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection
against falling dirt, rain, sleet, snow, and windblown dust, splashing
water, and hose-directed water; and that will be undamaged by the
external formation of ice on the enclosure.
- 7. Type 4X - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
to provide a degree of protection to personnel against incidental
contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection
against falling dirt, rain, sleet, snow, and windblown dust, splashing
water, hose-directed water, and corrosion; and that will be undamaged by
the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
- 8. Type 5 - Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree
of protection to personnel against incidental contact with the enclosed
equipment; to provide a degree of protection against falling dirt;
against settling airborne dust, lint, fibers, and flyings; and to
provide a degree of protection against dripping and light splashing of
liquids.
- 9. Type 6 - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
to provide a degree of protection to personnel against incidental
contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection
against falling dirt; against hose-directed water and the entry of water
during occasional temporary submersion at a limited depth; and that will
be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
- 10. Type 6P - Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use
to provide a degree of protection to personnel against incidental
contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection
against falling dirt; against hose-directed water and the entry of water
during prolonged submersion at a limited depth; and that will be
undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure
- 11. Type 12 - Enclosures constructed (without knockouts) for indoor
use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against incidental
contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection
against falling dirt; against circulating dust, lint, fibers, and
flyings; and against dripping and light splashing of liquids.
- 12. Type 12K - Enclosures constructed (with knockouts) for indoor use
to provide a degree of protection to personnel against incidental
contact with the enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection
against falling dirt; against circulating dust, lint, fibers, and
flyings; and against dripping and light splashing of liquids.
- 13. Type 13 - Enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a
degree of protection to personnel against incidental contact with the
enclosed equipment; to provide a degree of protection against falling
dirt; against circulating dust, lint, fibers, and flyings; and against
the spraying, splashing, and seepage of water, oil, and noncorrosive
coolants.
- Neoplasm
Any new growth of cells or tissues but the term is customarily used with
rather specific reference to a focus (or a relatively large mass or
region) of intermittently or constantly progressive, comparatively
unlimited, or uncontrolled new growth that manifests varying degrees of
autonomy.
Nephelometer
Any apparatus used to measure the size and concentration of particles in
a liquid by analysis of light transmitted through or reflected by the
liquid.
Nephelometry
The semiquantitative estimation of the concentration of particles in a
suspension (e.g. bacterial cells in an antigenic preparation), by means of
comparing it with the standard suspensions in a nephelometer.
Nephrotoxin
A cytotoxin that is specific for cells of the kidney.
New Drug Application (NDA)
The New Drug Application contains most of the information included in the
IND. Only after FDA approval of the NDA, can distribution and marketing of
a new drug begin.
NHSA (Normal Human Serum Albumin)
A blood plasma fraction usually prepared by Cohn cold ethanol
precipitation. Dispensed as a 5% to 25% protein solution.
NIH (National Institutes of Health)
Guidelines NIH Guidelines specify practices for constructing and handling
recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules, and organisms and
viruses containing recombinant DNA molecules.
Nitrogenous Base
A nitrogencontaining molecule that has the chemical properties of a base.
- Nominal A numerical identification of dimension, capacity, rating, or
other characteristics used as a designation, not as an exact
measurement.
- Nominal (Rating of Filter)
An arbitrary micrometer value indicated by filter manufacturers. Based
upon removal of some percentage of particles of a given size or larger,
but rarely well defined and consequently not reproducible.
Nominal Pore Size
Based on retention efficiency, a filter should retain 99.9% of particles
larger than its nominal rated pore size.
Nominal Outside Diameter
A numerical identification of outside diameter to which tolerances apply.
Nominal Wall Thickness
A numerical identification of wall thickness to which tolerances apply.
Noncarbonate Hardness
Hardness in water caused by chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates of calcium
and magnesium.
Non-GMP Technology
Facility design requirement resulting from decisions to address issues
outside the realm of GMPs or manufacturer preferences. Often these do
affect GMP related design features.
Non-Laminar Airflow
Nonunidirectional Airflow
Air distribution where the first air entering the controlled space mixes
with the internal air by means of induction. The airflow that does not
meet the definition of unidirectional airflow; previously referred to as "turbulent"
or "non-laminar" airflow.
Normal Saline
A very common LVP that has a physiologic (0.9gm%) concentration of sodium
chloride.
Northern Blot
A recombinant DNA technique used for the detection of specific RNA
transcripts.
Not Exposed or Closed
Drug substance is protected from exposure to the environment during
processing.
NPDWR Water
Potable water meeting EPA National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
Nuclease
An enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids. Exonucleases cleave the
nucleotides only at the ends of polynucleotide chains (e.g.
phosphodiesterase). Endonucleases attack certain linkates wherever they
occur in the polynucleotide chain
Nucleic Acid
A large molecule composed of nucleotide subunits.
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Matching of either DNA or RNA (depending on the organism) from an unknown
organism with DNA or RNA from a known organism. This method is used in
tropical disease research for identifying species and strains of
organisms.
Nucleoid
The compact body that contains the genome in a bacterium.
Nucleolus
A discrete region of the nucleus created by the transcription of rRNA
genes. The nucleolus disappears during mitosis, or cell division.
Nucleotide
The structural unit of nucleic acids. A subunit of DNA or RNA consisting
of purine bases (adenine, guanine), pyrimidine bases (thymine, or cytosine
in DNA; uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate molecule, and a sugar
molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA). Thousands of nucleotides
are linked to form a DNA or RNA molecule.
Nucleus
The cellular organelle present in eukaryotes cells and separated from the
cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane. It contains the genetic material and is
essential for the continued life of the cell.
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Pharmaceutical Abbreviations
| Abbreviations in product
information leaflets and literature
Acronyms | Glossary
of Terms | Abbreviations
used in the British Pharmaceutical